EXPANSION CARDS AND SLOTS. SECONDARY STORAGE AND DEVICES. ASSEMBLING A PC. DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEM. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMORY. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT. DIFFERENT CABLES. NETWORK HARDWARE AND FILE.

NAT Basics Overview NAT basics, also known as network address translation is an important part of the CCENT and CCNA certification exams. When NAT is implemented it allows a router to translate the source IPv4 address in the packet header as it crosses the router, changing the source address in the packet from one address to another. This allows the sending computer’s message to appear as if it is coming from another computer’s address. When you masquerade the origin of a computer’s IPv4 address on a network it is known as a NAT firewall. The solution is to use multi-area OSPF instead of single area OSPF where every network is in Area 0. In multiarea OSPF you still have to have a backbone area named Area 0 but you can add additional networks in other areas.

The result is that routers will only share their entire link state databases with routers in there own area and other areas will be configured to receive only summary information from the area. This way, when there is a change in the network the SPF algorithm will only need to run on routers in the effected area. I created a packet tracer lab activity that goes with a video tutorial series. Watch all of the videos in-order below, while you follow along with the downloadable packet activity here: Multiarea OSPF Video Tutorial Author Posted on Categories. Seriously, just don’t. Ruby support on Windows just isn’t very good. If you absolutely need to get Ruby running on Windows, use.

You’ll be able to get a basic Ruby installation going, but support for all of Ruby’s various Gems (“gems” are code library in Ruby-land) is going to be spotty (gems that require native extensions, in particular). But what it really comes down to is that I don’t think it’s feasible to develop in Ruby in Windows.

And I say that as a long-time professional Ruby developer. So, what are your alternatives? One, you could get a Mac. Now, I realize, given the cost of Macs and all, that’s not really a viable option for most people. But, I think it’s good to understand that most (I’d say at least 80%) of Ruby developers use Macs, and that, as a result, a lot of the tooling in the Ruby ecosystem is best supported on MacOS. The other, more reasonable option, is to run some variety of Linux (I’d suggest Ubuntu) in a virtual machine on your Windows box using something like VirtualBox.

I know of people that do this is, and it seems to work reasonable well. And it’s sure a heck of a lot better than trying to install Ruby on Windows 😉 Author Posted on Categories.

WIM System Image File Overview A system image is a single file that contains the entire operating system and all of the files, programs, and settings of an installed computer system. Network administrators use system images to deploy the Windows 7 operating system to many computers in a Windows network. Besides just deploying operating systems across a large network, a system image is also be a useful backup tool for re-imaging corrupted systems. A Windows 7 system image file is called a WIM file, it has a.wim file extension. A WIM file can be created in such a way (generalized) that it can be deployed to any computer independent of the particular hardware or drivers.

In this tutorial, I attempt to simplify the process of creating a Windows system image or WIM file, into easy to understand, step-by-step instructions. I hope you find the tutorial helpful and the process interesting! I have also added video tutorials showing how to do the entire process using a VMware Windows 7 virtual machine as the reference computer. The tools you will need: • The Reference Computer – A computer with Windows 7 installed. This is the source computer that the image file will be created from. In my example, I used a fresh install of Windows 7 on an extra computer, then I ran updates, installed a couple programs, changed the desktop and the homepage, and took a screenshot (see below).

The first time you do this, I do not recommend using the Windows 7 home computer that you use on a daily basis, as the reference computer. This process will involve a generalizing of the system (sysprep) which will strip it of drivers, as well as the System ID. Though everything will be put back to normal, I do not recommend using a machine that you rely on the first time you do this exercise. I am also in the process of showing how this entire lab can be done using virtual machines. Installing/Deploying your WIM Image to a Computer or Network with ImageX • Now that you have your image file you can install it to another computer using ImageX! • Boot a computer to your USB WindowsPE boot drive. • Attach the USB external drive with your wim file.

• Format the drive using Diskpartition. After typing diskpart you will need to search the drives to verify which letters correspond with which drives. I have taught the Cisco CCNA curriculum, as a Cisco Academy instructor for over 14 years. The Cisco Academy offers 4 courses that together map to the Cisco CCNA certification exam. The current exam is the 200-120 CCNA which has a stronger emphasis on IPv6. All of the students that sign up for a class through the college will be automatically enrolled in the Cisco Academy, and all Cisco Academy students will have access to online curriculum as well as the latest version of Packet Tracer. Packet Tracer is a program for creating simulated networked environments, complete with functioning routers, switches, and endpoint hosts.

Most of all, the Cisco Academy releases regular version updates to their CCNA Routing and Switching curriculum and the recently updated curriculum coincides with the new 200-125, CCNA Routing and Switching exam. The new curriculum covers new exam topics such as, IPv6, VTP, LLDP, eBGP, PPPoE, QoS, SNMPv3, NTP, DMVPN, SPAN, SDN, virtualization and Cloud computing. CCNA 1 – Course Materials As a Cisco Networking Academy student, all of the course materials are available through the Academy website learning management system. Including the complete text, the Packet Tracer network simulator, interactive activities, multiple choice exams, and plenty of labs with complete step-by-step instructions. If you prefer a paper copy of the text you can purchase it online from Cisco Press or Amazon. Make sure you order a current version of the text. Here is a link to the text at Cisco Press and the ISBN number: Introduction to Networks Companion Guide: Print ISBN: 978-1-58713-316-9, eBook: ISBN: 978-0-13347-544-9.

Class Availability • Where can I enroll in a class? I recommend looking for a Cisco Academy nearest you. That way, you take an in-person class, and get to work on physical equipment within the classroom environment. Finally, I teach the Cisco CCNA through Central Oregon Community College.

The CCNA 1 class begins in the Fall quarter with CCNA2 and CCN3/4 following in the Winter and Spring respectively. Sign up for a class! You can even attend remotely online. Look for new student registration information. • Where can I do my labs? Some labs are done in class, some labs are done at home using Packet Tracer, and some labs are done by remotely by connecting to the CIS Department Netlab+ server. • I am an online student, and I can’t come to the lab?

If you are an online student, I recommend that you login to Blackboard and attend class online using the Blackboard Collaborate video conference tool. The class is always available through video conference and each class is recorded for downloading or streaming at a later date. • How do I turn in assignments? Students take exams online through the Cisco Netacad website and learning management system. Labwork and homework is turned in through Blackboard or the Netacad website. • How are assignments graded? I grade on a point system.

Every week you have the opportunity to earn points from chapter exams and chapter labs. At the end of the class there is a cumulative multiple choice final exam as well as a hands-on lab final. Author Posted on Categories. Turn a Raspberry Pi into a Web Filter Proxy with SquidGuard Overview Most routers for the home don’t do a very good job at filtering objectionable web content.

One possible solution is to turn a Raspberry Pi into a proxy web filter that can protect users on your home network. In this lab, I turn a Raspberry Pi running the Raspbian Linux operating system into a robust web proxy that filters objectionable web sites. In order to turn the Raspberry Pi into a web proxy I install and configure Squid and SquidGuard, and then I download and configure a blacklist file which is available for personal use through a creative commons license. This lab focuses on turning the Raspberry Pi into a standalone proxy server that can be reached by changing the network clients web browser proxy settings, or by configuring the router to direct web traffic to the proxy server.

In a follow up lab, you could configure the Raspberry Pi as a transparent inline proxy server.

This article's may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. OLPC XO-1 original design proposal The first early prototype was unveiled by the project's founder and then-United Nations Secretary-General on November 16, 2005, at the (WSIS) in, Tunisia. The device shown was a rough prototype using a standard development board. Negroponte estimated that the screen alone required three more months of development. [ ] The first working prototype was demonstrated at the project's Country Task Force Meeting on May 23, 2006.

[ ] In 2006 there was a major controversy because Microsoft had suddenly developed an interest in the XO project and wanted the formerly open source effort to run Windows. Negroponte agreed to provide engineer assistance to Microsoft to facilitate their efforts.

During this time, the project mission statement changed to remove mentions of 'open source'. A number of developers, such as and, resigned because of these changes in strategy.

Approximately 400 developer boards (Alpha-1) were distributed in mid-2006; 875 working prototypes (Beta 1) were delivered in late 2006; 2400 Beta-2 machines were distributed at the end of February 2007; full-scale production started November 6, 2007., the project's contract manufacturer, said in February 2007 that it had confirmed orders for one million units. Indicated that it could ship five million to ten million units that year because seven nations had committed to buy the XO-1 for their schoolchildren: Argentina, Brazil, Libya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Thailand, and Uruguay.

Quanta plans to offer machines very similar to the XO-1 on the open market. The project originally stated that a consumer version of the XO laptop was not planned. The project later established, in 2007 the website for outright donations and for a 'Give 1 Get 1' offer valid (but only to the United States, its territories, and Canadian addresses) from November 12, 2007 until December 31, 2007. For each computer purchased at a cost of $399, an XO is also sent to a child in a developing nation. OLPC again restarted the G1G1 program through in November 2008, but has since stopped as of December 31 (2008 or 2009). On May 20, 2008, OLPC announced the next generation of XO, which was thereafter cancelled in favor of the designed. In late 2008, the NYC Department of Education began a project to purchase large numbers of XO computers for use by New York schoolchildren.

The design received the Community category award of the 2007. In 2008 the XO was awarded London's Design Museum 'Design of the Year', plus two gold, one silver, and one bronze award at the Industrial Design Society of America's International Design Excellence Awards (IDEAs).

According to, in a test conducted in April 2009, the device was ranked as the most power saving among other solutions. OLPC XO-1 in e-book mode The XO-1 is designed to be low-cost, small, durable, and efficient. It is shipped with a slimmed-down version of and a named that is intended to help young children collaborate.

The XO-1 includes a video camera, a microphone, long-range Wi-Fi, and a hybrid /touch pad. In addition to a standard plug-in power supply, human power and solar power sources are available, allowing operation far from a commercial power grid. Has listed the design goals of the device as follows: • Minimal power consumption, with a design target of 2–3 total power consumption • Minimal production cost, with a target of US$100 per laptop for production runs of millions of units • A 'cool' look, implying innovative styling in its physical appearance • functionality with extremely low power consumption • and provided with the laptop Various use models had been explored by OLPC with the help of and, including: laptop,, theatre, simulation, tote, and tablet architectures. The current design, by, uses a transformer hinge to morph between laptop, e-book, and router modes.

[ ] In keeping with its goals of robustness and low power consumption, the design of the laptop intentionally omits all motor-driven moving parts; it has no, no optical (CD/DVD) media, no drives and no fans (the device is passively cooled). An interface is unnecessary due to the lack of hard drive. Storage is via an internal slot. There is also no slot, although are included. A built-in hand- generator was part of the notebook in the original design; however, it is now an optional clamp-on peripheral. Hardware [ ].

Comparison of the XO-1 display (left) with a typical liquid crystal display (LCD). The images show 1×1 mm of each screen. A typical LCD addresses groups of 3 locations as pixels. The OLPC XO LCD addresses each location as a separate pixel • 1200×900 7.5 inch (19 cm) diagonal (200 ) that uses 0.1 to 1.0 W depending on mode. The two modes are: • Reflective (backlight off) monochrome mode for low-power use in sunlight. This mode provides very sharp images for high-quality text • color mode, with an alternance of red, green and blue pixels • XO 1.75 developmental version for XO-3 has an optional touch screen The first-generation OLPC laptops have a novel low-cost. Later generations of the OLPC laptop are expected to use low-cost, low-power and high-resolution color displays with an appearance similar to.

Autotune 6 Pirate Bay Water. The display is the most expensive component in most laptops. In April 2005, Negroponte hired —who was interviewing to join the Media Arts and Sciences faculty at the in September 2008 —as OLPC. Jepsen developed a new display for the first-generation OLPC laptop, inspired by the design of small LCDs used in portable DVD players, which she estimated would cost about $35. In the OLPC XO-1, the screen is estimated to be the second most expensive component (after the CPU and chipset). Jepsen has described the removal of the filters that color the RGB as the critical design innovation in the new. Instead of using subtractive color filters, the display uses a plastic and lenses on the rear of the LCD to illuminate each.

[ – ] This grating pattern is stamped using the same technology used to make. The grating splits the light from the white backlight into a spectrum. The red, green and blue components are diffracted into the correct positions to illuminate the corresponding pixel with. This innovation results in a much brighter display for a given amount of backlight illumination: while the color filters in a regular display typically absorb 85% of the light that hits them, this display absorbs little of that light. Most LCD screens at the time used backlights which were fragile, difficult or impossible to repair, required a high voltage power supply, were relatively power-hungry, and accounted for 50% of the screens' cost (sometimes 60%).

The backlight in the XO-1 is easily replaceable, rugged, and inexpensive. The remainder of the LCD uses existing display technology and can be made using existing manufacturing equipment. Even the masks can be made using combinations of existing materials and processes.

When lit primarily from the rear with the white backlight, the display shows a color image composed of both RGB and grayscale information. When lit primarily from the front by ambient light, for example from the sun, the display shows a (black and white) image composed of just the grayscale information. 'Mode' change occurs by varying the relative amounts backlight and ambient light.

With more backlight, a higher chrominance is available and a color image display is seen. As ambient light levels, such as sunlight, exceed the backlight, a grayscale display is seen; this can be useful when reading e-books for an extended time in bright light such as sunlight. The backlight brightness can also be adjusted to vary the level of color seen in the display and to conserve battery power. In color mode (when lit primarily from the rear), the display does not use the common RGB for liquid crystal computer displays, in which each pixel contains three tall thin rectangles of the primary colors. Instead, the XO-1 display provides one color for each pixel. The colors align along diagonals that run from upper-right to lower left (see diagram on the right).

To reduce the color artifacts caused by this pixel geometry, the color component of the image is blurred by the display controller as the image is sent to the screen. Despite the color blurring, the display still has high resolution for its physical size; normal displays as of February 2007 put about 588(H)×441(V) to 882(H)×662(V) pixels in this amount of physical area [ ] and support for slightly higher perceived resolution. A Philips Research study measured the XO-1 display's perceived color resolution as effectively 984(H)×738(V). A conventional liquid crystal display with the same number of green pixels (green carries most brightness or luminance information for human eyes) as the OLPC XO-1 would be 693×520. [ ] Unlike a standard RGB LCD, resolution of the XO-1 display varies with angle.

Resolution is greatest from upper-right to lower left, and lowest from upper-left to lower-right. Images which approach or exceed this resolution will lose detail and gain color artifacts. The display gains resolution when in bright light; this comes at the expense of color (as the backlight is overpowered) and color resolution can never reach the full 200 dpi sharpness of grayscale mode because of the blur which is applied to images in color mode. An 'active antenna' for extending network reach • Wireless networking using an 'Extended Range' and (mesh) 8388 wireless chip, chosen due to its ability to autonomously forward packets in the mesh even if the CPU is powered off. When connected in a mesh, it is run at a low bitrate (2 Mbit/s) to minimize power consumption. Despite the wireless chip's minimalism, it supports. An processor is included.

• Dual adjustable antennas for. Support will be provided using a Wi-Fi 'Extended Range' chip set. Jepsen has said the wireless chip set will be run at a low bit rate, 2 maximum rather than the usual higher speed 5.5 Mbit/s or 11 Mbit/s to minimize power consumption. The conventional IEEE 802.11b system only handles traffic within a local cloud of wireless devices in a manner similar to an network. Each node transmits and receives its own data, but it does not route packets between two nodes that cannot communicate directly. The OLPC laptop will use to form the. Whenever the laptop is powered on it can participate in a with each node operating in a fashion with other laptops it can hear, forwarding packets across the cloud [ ].

If a computer in the cloud has access to the —either directly or indirectly—then all computers in the cloud are able to share that access. The data rate across this network will not be high; however, similar networks, such as the Motoman project have supported email services to 1000 schoolchildren in, according to Negroponte. The data rate should be sufficient for asynchronous network applications (such as email) to communicate outside the cloud; interactive uses, such as web browsing, or high-bandwidth applications, such as video streaming should be possible inside the cloud. The IP assignment for the meshed network is intended to be automatically configured, so no server administrator or an administration of IP addresses is needed. Building a is still untested under the OLPC's current configuration and hardware environment. Although one goal of the laptop is that all of its software be, the source code for this is currently closed source.

While there are open-source alternatives such as or, none of these options is yet available running at the data-link layer () on the Wi-Fi subsystem's co-processor; this is critical to OLPC's scheme. Whether, the producer of the wireless chip set and owner of the current meshing protocol software, will make the firmware open source is still an unanswered question. As of 2011, it has not done so. Shell [ ] is the chief designer of the present XO shell. The shell of the laptop is resistant to dirt and moisture, and is constructed with 2 mm thick plastic (50% thicker than typical laptops).

It contains a pivoting, reversible display, movable rubber Wi-Fi antennas, and a sealed rubber-membrane keyboard. Input and ports [ ]. Close-up of the OLPC • Water-resistant membrane keyboard, customized to the locale in which it will be distributed. The multiplication and division symbols are included. The keyboard is designed for the small hands of children. • Five-key -control pad; four directional keys plus Enter • Four 'Game Buttons' (functionally PgUp, PgDn, Home, and End) modeled after the layout (,,, and ). • for mouse control and handwriting input • Built-in color camera, to the right of the display, VGA resolution (640×480) • Built-in speakers • Built-in • Audio based on the codec, with jacks for external stereo speakers and microphones, Line-out, and Mic-in • Three external 2.0 ports.

More than twenty different keyboards have been laid out, to suit local needs to match the standard keyboard for the country in which a laptop is intended. Around half of these have been manufactured for prototype machines. There are parts of the world which do not have a standard keyboard representing their language. As Negroponte states this is 'because there's no real commercial interest in making a keyboard'. One example of where the OLPC has bridged this gap is in creating an keyboard for. Negroponte has demanded that the keyboard not contain a key, which frees up keyboard space for new keys such as a future 'view source' key. Beneath the keyboard was a large area that resembled a very wide that Jepsen referred to as the 'mousepad'.

[ ] The capacitive portion of the mousepad was an GlidePoint trackpad, which was in the central third of the sensor and could be used with a finger. The full width was a resistive sensor which, though never supported by software, was intended to be used with a stylus. This unusual feature was eliminated in the CL1A hardware revision because it suffered from erratic pointer motion. Alps Electronics provided both the capacitive and resistive components of the mousepad. Release history [ ] The first XO prototype, displayed in 2005, had a built-in hand-crank generator for charging the battery.

The XO-1 beta, released in early 2007, used a separate hand-crank generator. [ ] The XO-1 was released in late 2007. • Power option: solar panel. • CPU: 433 LX-700 at 0.8 watts, with integrated graphics controller • 256 of Dual (DDR266) 133 MHz (in 2006 the specification called for 128 MB of RAM) • 1024 (1 MB) flash ROM with open-source • 1024 MB of SLC NAND (in 2006 the specifications called for 512 MB of flash memory) • Average battery life three hours The XO 1.5 was released in early 2010.

• Via/x86 CPU 4.5 W • Fewer physical parts • Lower power consumption • Power option: solar panel. • CPU: 400 to 1000 at 0.8 watts, with integrated graphics controller • 512 to 1024 of Dual (DDR266) 133 MHz • 1024 (1 MB) flash ROM with open-source • 4 GB of SLC NAND (upgradable, microSD) • Average battery life 3–5 hours (varies with active suspend) The XO 1.75 began development in 2010, with full production commencing in February 2012.

• 2 watt ARM CPU • Fewer physical parts, 40% lower power consumption. • Power option: solar panel. • CPU: 400 to 1000 Marvell Armada 610 at 0.8 watts, with integrated graphics controller • 1024 to 2048 of () • 1024 (1 MB) flash ROM with open-source • 4-8 GB of SLC NAND (upgradable, microSD) • Accelerometer • Average battery life 5–10 hours The XO 2, previously scheduled for release in 2010, was canceled in favor of XO 3. With a price target $75, it had an elegant, lighter, folding dual touch-screen design. The hardware would have been open-source and sold by various manufacturers.

A choice of operating system (Windows XP or Linux) was intended outside the United States. Its $150 price target in the United States includes two computers, one donated.

The was scheduled for release in late 2012. It was canceled in favor of the XO-4. It featured one solid color multi-touch screen design, and a solar panel in the cover or carrying case.

The XO 4 is a refresh of the XO 1 to 1.75 with a later ARM CPU and an optional touch screen. This model will not be available for consumer sales. There is a mini HDMI port to allow connecting to a display.

The XO Tablet was designed by third-party, rather than OLPC, and based on the Android platform whereas all previous XO models were based on Sugar running on top of Fedora. It is commercially available and has been used in OLPC projects. Software [ ]. Mock-up of the 'neighborhood view' showing children collaborating on various tasks, within the. By clicking on the icon, communication by Wi-Fi is activated Countries are expected to remove and add software to best adapt the laptop to the local laws and educational needs.

As supplied by OLPC, all of the on the laptop will be and. All core software is intended to be localized to the languages of the target countries. The underlying software includes: • A pared-down version of as the, with students receiving (although not normally operating in that mode). •, written in a variant of • A simple custom based upon the used.

• A based on. • Email through the web-based service. • and programs. • 2.5 is the primary used to develop Sugar 'Activities'. Several other are included, such as,, the version of, and Turtle Art • A with digital instruments: 's •:. The laptop uses the graphical user interface, written in, on top of the and the. This interface is not based on the typical but presents an iconic view of programs and documents and a map-like view of nearby connected users.

The current active program is displayed in full-screen mode. Much of the core Sugar interface uses icons, bypassing localization issues. Sugar is also defined as having no folders present in the UI. Had offered free of charge for use in the laptop, but according to, a professor emeritus at MIT who is one of the initiative's founders, the designers wanted an operating system that can be tinkered with: 'We declined because it's not open source.' Therefore, Linux was chosen. However, after a deal with, the laptop will now be offered with along with an open source alternative.

Activity, home, friends and neighborhood software levels, responsible for the laptops' system software, has called for a re-education of programmers, saying that many applications use too much memory or even. 'There seems to be a common fallacy among programmers that using memory is good: on current hardware it is often much faster to recompute values than to have to reference memory to get a precomputed value. A full cache miss can be hundreds of cycles, and hundreds of times the power consumption of an instruction that hits in the first level cache.' On August 4, 2006, the announced that static copies of selected Wikipedia articles would be included on the laptops., chair of the Wikimedia Foundation, said that 'OLPC's mission goes hand in hand with our goal of distributing encyclopedic knowledge, free of charge, to every person in the world. Not everybody in the world has access to a broadband connection.'

Negroponte had earlier suggested he would like to see on the laptop. Wales feels that Wikipedia is one of the ' for this device. Announced that he is creating a free and open source port of the game to the OLPC with the blessing of and, and demonstrated SimCity running on the OLPC at the in March 2007. The free and open source SimCity plans were confirmed at the same conference by SJ Klein, director of content for the OLPC, who also asked game developers to create 'frameworks and scripting environments—tools with which children themselves could create their own content.' The laptop's security architecture, known as, was publicly introduced in February 2007. No passwords will be required for ordinary use of the machine. Programs are assigned certain bundles of rights at install time which govern their access to resources; users can later add more rights.

Optionally, the laptops can be configured to request leases from a and to stop functioning when these leases expire; this is designed as a theft-prevention mechanism. The pre-8.20 software versions were criticized for bad wireless connectivity and other minor issues. Deployment [ ] The XO-1 is nicknamed ceibalita in Uruguay after the. Reception and reviews [ ]. • Lanxon, Nate.. Retrieved 2009-01-17. September 24, 2007.

Retrieved 2009-01-07. • Papert, Seymour (1993). The Children's Machine. • Ward, Mark (September 27, 2007).. Retrieved 2008-01-25.

Retrieved 2008-01-25. • ^ Huppatz, D.J. 'Roland Barthes, Mythologies'. Design and Culture. • TED2006 (Feb 2006)..

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The OLPC Wiki. One Laptop per Child. Retrieved 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-16. BBC, 17 November 2005. • Microsoft Windows XP on the Children's Machine XO?! (5 Dec 2006)..

Retrieved 2013-08-16. • Fildes, Jonathan (May 16, 2008).. Retrieved 2013-08-16. • ^ Markoff, John (30 November 2006).. The New York Times. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

• Jan Melin (November 7, 2007).. Retrieved on December 24, 2007.

• IDG News Service (December 15, 2007),. Retrieved on December 24, 2007.

January 13, 2008, at the. Retrieved 2007-03-29. Business Wire. Archived from on 2007-01-20. Retrieved 2007-01-16. OLPC project. • Nystedt, Dan (2008-11-17)...

Archived from on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-11-17. • Talbot, David (2008-05-21)... Retrieved 2008-12-16. The New York Sun.

Retrieved 2013-08-16. •,, August 25, 2007 • • (PDF).. [ ] • • • ^ Stephen Shankland (2006-04-04).. Retrieved 2007-12-24. Mary Lou Jepsen, Ph.D. December 3, 2007.

Archived from on January 24, 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-09. • Negroponte, Nicholas (March 2008). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2008-04-01. November 3, 2005.

• Mary Lou Jepsen.. Retrieved 2008-06-16. • Mary Lou Jepsen (May 27, 2008).. Retrieved 2009-10-27. • Klompenhouwer, Michiel; Erno H.A. Langendijk (2008-05-27).. Los Angeles, California: Society for Information Display Annual Meeting..

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•; David Hubel (2002).. Archived from on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2007-09-30. • Brooke, James (January 26, 2004)...

Retrieved 2008-01-25. •, OLPC Wiki • ABC. (2008, March 22). The Science Show: One Laptop Per Child.

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Retrieved May 7, 2008, from • ^ Don Marti (October 27, 2006),, LinuxWorld.com. Retrieved on December 25, 2007. [ ] • ^, 7 March 2011 • •.

The OLPC Wiki. Retrieved on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2011-05-16. June 28, 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-19.

• Matthew Humphries.. Retrieved 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2014-06-11.

Retrieved 2014-06-11. Retrieved 3 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. The OLPC Wiki. One Laptop Per Child.

Retrieved on December 25, 2007. The OLPC Wiki. One Laptop Per Child. Retrieved on December 25, 2007.

July 6, 2006. • ^, Michael Gartenberg, Jupiter Research, 27 April 2007 • Turtle Art is a that, like, manipulates an on-screen turtle. • Stecklow, Steve (November 14, 2005).. Wall Street Journal. • Fildes, Jonathan (May 16, 2008)..

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4 April 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-25. • Criticism and Rebuttal on Sugar User Interface (16 Dec 2008)..

Retrieved 2013-08-16. •, Portal 180, October 14, 2009 (in Spanish) October 18, 2009, at the.

References [ ]. •, SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering. The Optics, Photonics, Fibers, and Lasers Resource, July 2006 •,, July 22, 2007 •,, November 17, 2005 • October 27, 2006 Article about how the project's hardware constraints will lead to better apps and kludge-removal for everyone • – demonstration of the first working prototype, by •,, November 24, 2005 •. •,, October 4, 2007 •, magazine, December 2, 2005 •. Retrieved 2006-02-01. •, presentation of the userinterface – Videostream • – Web video of the first laptop prototype, by Andy Carvin [ ] • External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to.